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Is it possible for a super charging station to ruin a battery life? Since using this charging station my battery doesn’t hold a charge well like it did before. Or is my phone just old and it’s a coincidence?

Please link the specs/info on your charging station. If it is certified by Apple (MFi) then it shouldn’t be a problem. It could be a coincidental issue as the iPhone 5C is an old device and if the battery was never changed, it would certainly be at the end of it’s life. To be certain, use a battery utility, such as coconutBattery (for Mac) or 3uTools (for Windows). Anything less than 70% of design capacity will require replacement.